More common are national laws that recognize a qualified privilege, which may be overcome under certain situations. 更普遍的做法是,国家法律承认有条件的特免权,即在某些情况下这一权利可以被撤消。
As a result of these factors on the impact of lack of qualified witnesses, many countries have established a special system of privilege of witness. 由于这些因素对证人资格欠缺的影响,许多国家都建立了作证特免权制度。